Юлий Маркович Даниэль
Творчество Юлия Даниэля сегодня полузабыто, а имя его вспоминается чаще всего в связи с «делом Синявского и Даниэля» – самым громким политическим процессом 1960-х. Юлий Маркович Даниэль – поэт, прозаик, переводчик, один из самых известных литераторов в послевоенном Советском Союзе, родился 15 ноября 1925 года в Москве. Все творчество его было связано с Москвой.
Отец, известный еврейский писатель и драматург Марк Наумович Меерович, печатался под псевдонимом М. Даниэль. Псевдоним отца стал фамилией сына. У Юлия Даниэля было обычное детство интеллигентного московского мальчика. Рано возник интерес к литературе: он много читал, посещал литературные кружки и студии, старался подружиться с творческой молодежью старше себя по возрасту (например, с Всеволодом Багрицким) и даже пытался переводить Гейне.
В 1942 году Ю. Даниэля призвали в армию. О фронте он почти никогда не рассказывал, а когда приходилось касаться этой темы, говорил мало и неохотно. Из этих редких воспоминаний можно понять, что был он на войне сначала связистом, потом автоматчиком, воевал на Украине, в Бессарабии и Румынии, в Литве и Восточной Пруссии. В августе 1944-го был ранен: автоматная очередь пробила обе руки (правая так и осталась искалеченной). Месяцы госпиталя, демобилизация и возвращение в Москву.
В 1946 году поступил на филологический факультет Харьковского университета, позже перевелся в Москву на заочное отделение филфака в областном пединституте. В 1950 г. Юлий Маркович женился на своей харьковской подруге и однокурснице Ларисе Богораз.
Около четырех лет они с женой преподавали в школах Калужской области, и лишь в 1955 г. им удалось найти работу в Москве. Даниэль к этому моменту уже делит время между школой и литературным творчеством. Как же повезло ученикам Юлия Марковича, что великий русский язык они слушали не только в цитатах классиков, но и в собственных словах преподавателя. И все это без всякой слащавости и пафоса. Ученики вспоминали, что с приходом Ю. Даниэля «на уроках литературы нам стало захватывающе интересно».
«Более гармонично открытого человека, чем Юлий, мне, кажется, никогда не довелось потом встретить», – вспоминала его ученица Л. Панн. Он увлеченно читал в классе Маяковского, талантливо перевоплощаясь в него. И даже как-то признался, что хотел стать актером. Тогда его здоровье уже было изрядно подорвано войной: тяжелораненый и контуженый, он плохо слышал. И, скорее всего, преподавать ему было нелегко. С 1955 года увлекся поэтическим переводом. Переводил поэтов Северного Кавказа, Калмыкии, Армении, Азербайджана, Украины.
Во 2-й половине 1950-х гг. Ю. Даниэль написал историческую повесть «Бегство» о необычной судьбе крестьянина-«самородка» в России 2-й половины 18 века. Такой своеобразный исторический роман-анекдот на тему свободы и несвободы, противостояния интеллигента-одиночки государственному насилию. Повесть была напечатана в 1965 году, но в продажу не поступила из-за ареста автора. Тираж был уничтожен.
В 1958 году, вместе со своим другом А. Д. Синявским, Даниэль начал тайно передавать на Запад свои повести и рассказы под псевдонимом Николай Аржак. Повести «Говорит Москва» и «Искупление» и два рассказа были опубликованы за границей и впоследствии многократно переводились на разные языки. В произведениях тесно переплетаются элементы сказа, гротеска, стилизации и даже фантастики. Повесть «Искупление» написана в жанре «исповедальной прозы». Героя обвиняют в доносительстве, в котором он на самом деле не грешен.
Повесть «Говорит Москва» написана в жанре антиутопии. Собравшиеся на празднование дня рождения друзья слышат по радио Указ Верховного Совета СССР о провозглашении «Дня открытых убийств». Каждый получает на сутки право беспрепятственно убивать своих сограждан. Указ сформулирован в виде привычного штампа всех советских указов: «в связи с растущим благосостоянием, идя навстречу пожеланиям широких масс трудящихся…». Автор создал картину абсурдной жизни абсурдной страны. Широкой публике повести Ю. Даниэля были знакомы по самиздатским машинописным перепечаткам.
В сентябре 1956 года Даниэль и Синявский были арестованы, и в феврале 1966 года состоялся суд. За «антисоветскую пропаганду и агитацию» Ю. М. Даниэль был приговорен к 5 годам, А. Д. Синявский – к 7 годам лагерей строгого режима.
Отбывая наказание в мордовских лагерях для политических заключенных, а затем во Владимирской тюрьме, он начал писать стихи. Это 40 стихотворений, в основном лирических, и поэма «А в это время…».
В 1971 году за рубежом вышел сборник стихов Ю. Даниэля, написанных в заключении. В Советском Союзе некоторые стихотворения легли в основу «авторских песен».
После освобождения ему было запрещено возвращаться в Москву, и Даниэль поселился в Калуге. Семью восстановить ему не удалось. Вскоре Юлий Маркович женился во второй раз – на своей старой знакомой Ирине Уваровой. В новой жизни он нашел то, в чем больше всего нуждался после лагеря, – покой и домашний уют. Постепенно он возвращался к профессиональной литературной деятельности. Ю. Даниэль никогда не называл себя «писателем». На вопрос «кто он?» он всегда отвечал словом «литератор», а относительно литературной специализации, он говорил: поэт-переводчик. Это действительно то, что он считал своим делом, своим ремеслом.
Сам Даниэль ни прозу, ни поэзию уже больше не писал. В это время он не мог пользоваться своим именем, и переводы средневековой поэзии Востока, шотландские баллады, произведения В. Скотта, Дж. Байрона, Т. Готье и др. вышли под псевдонимом Ю. Петров. В конце 1970-х и начале 1980-х ему сильно помогали коллеги и друзья Д. Самойлов, Б. Окуджава, Ю. Мориц, давая возможность пользоваться своими именами для заключения договоров и публикаций. И только в годы перестройки стали появляться первые публикации Юлия Даниэля.
Перестройка принесла публичное переосмысление «дела Синявского и Даниэля», открыла дорогу в журналы его лагерным стихам. Но к публикациям Юлий Даниэль относился спокойно. Он уже тяжело болел, и его интерес к жизни постепенно угасал. В ноябре 1988 г. «Юность» напечатала «Искупление», а «Дружба народов» – сделанный в Мордовии перевод поэмы латышского поэта Кнута Скуениекса «Не оглядывайся».
30 декабря 1988 г. Ю. Даниэль ушел из жизни.
Писатель и поэт Юрий Ряшенцев вспоминал о Ю. Даниэле: «Его отличала огромная доброжелательность. Как и другие люди из так называемого поколения ифлийцев, жившие в довольно страшное время, он сохранял чувство юмора. Но у него было одно существенное отличие от них — он был очень замечательным слушателем».
Когда в 2009 году издавалась книга «Свободная охота», встал вопрос – а будут ли наши современники читать его? Впервые под одной обложкой было собрано практически все оригинальное литературное наследие Юлия Даниэля – повести и рассказы, опубликованные за рубежом под псевдонимом «Николай Аржак», два не публиковавшихся ранних рассказа, автобиографические записки «Свободная охота» (1969-1980) и полный цикл стихотворений «Стихи из неволи».
Сегодняшняя молодежь плохо представляет себе реалии того времени. Ю. Даниэль – выдающийся прозаик, но проза его очень привязана ко времени. А вот поэзия – вне времени и прекрасно понятна всем.
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